[3]. Excluding dead sea creatures consumed as food.
[4]. Blood that has been shed from an animal is not to be eaten. Blood that is still inside an animal after slaughter is not to be eaten.
[5]. Strangled animals are that has not been killed in the prescribed manner by God. The prescribed manner is slaughter by exsanguination, or bleeding out. And from things strangled – That is, from animals or birds that were killed without shedding their blood. The reason why these are considered unlawful to be eaten is, that thus they would be under a necessity of eating blood, which is forbidden in Islam. When any beast or fowl is taken in a snare, the blood should be poured out before it is lawful to be eaten. From things strangled; such as animals that die of themselves, or are torn with beasts, or are not killed in a proper way, by letting out their blood; but their blood is stagnated or congealed in the veins. Allāh permitted mankind to eat the flesh of animals. Since they are Allah’s creatures, Allāh had the right to tell man how they should slaughter and eat His animals.
[6]. This was a pagan practice before Islam, whereby they had three lots (flat marked pieces of wood) dedicated to divinations. On each there was written either: “My Lord commanded me”, “My Lord forbade me”, or nothing at all. A person would abide by what the lot told him, but if he drew the empty one, he would recast again until he drew either one of the other two.
[7]. To eat unlawful substances such as the meat of dead animal to save his life.
[8]. All good food that causes no harm to the body or the intellect.
[9]. A companion of the Prophet said: “O Messenger of God ﷺ, I set my dog on a prey and mention Allah’s Name ”. He ﷺ replied: “When you set your dog and mention Allah’s Name and he catches, kills and eats, then do not eat of the prey because he caught it for itself”. Then I said: “Sometimes I set my dog on a prey and he gets joined by another dog ˹which is not mine˺ and I do not know which one of them caught it”. He answered: “Then do not eat it because you mentioned Allah’s Name for your dog not the other”.
[10]. Except the forbidden categories of meat. The Jews and Christians are closer to and share a degree of commonality with the Muslims because they are originally monotheistic, unlike the outright idolaters of them, which makes eating their slaughtered cattle, eatable animals and marrying their women unlawful.
[11]. By neglecting the pillars of Islam such as the prayer, alms giving, fasting, hajj, or by keeping an alliance and intimacy with the disbelievers.