[1]. This includes not only the covenants one makes with Allāh but also the agreements, promises, and obligations one undertakes with fellow human beings—whether they are pledges, vows, oaths, or any solemn commitment of the heart and word. These bonds carry both a spiritual weight, as they are accountable before Allāh, and a moral responsibility, as they shape trust, integrity, and justice in human relationships.
[2]. The four sacrosanct months are Dhul-Qi‘dah, Dhul-Hijjah, Muḥarram, and Rajab.